The dictionary & words Essay Example for Free

The dictionary actors line EssayThe dictionary has been our help when the struggle of figuring out the meaning of gruelling ad unusual dustup strikes us. For a word to become an entry in the dictionary, and astray use across the earth, it must also be used in a broad range over a period of time. face words have been known to this. Most of the selections of position words ar based on how such word is used and is often not based on personal references. Oftentimes, English words atomic number 18 used by publi khations or by the majority in a particular region or country and even to those regions which use a different language as their medium of communication, like China.Nowadays, hundreds of English words are trustworthy specifically in hundreds of regions, too. These words have become common to both males and females. Amongst the many English words commonly used by men and women, articles the, a, an are just few of the most common. Without such words (article), the meani ng from the noun being used pull up stakes be hard to understand since they hatful also be thought as another special kind of adjective. You may notice a stupendous difference of meaning when you make a sentence with and without the existence of the.For example, from the sentence, Cat is eating the food, the word Cat may be understood as the number of a person without the presence of the article, the. Meanwhile, if you modify the sentence to The cat is eating the food the meaning in it will also be reversed to the cat as an animal, instead of a person. This also holds true to other articles, a and an from the sentence, A dolphin is a mammal and Dolphin is a mammal. Similarly, verb to be words are the protean of English, especially created in order to formulate and express a certain thought that is grammatically correct.Common verb to bes are am, is, and are together with its past and future tenses. These words are used as verbs that link the subject with its complement. Without these, the whole sentence or diction will be ineffective. However, the use of words has to abide with the grammar rules. If used in a wrong way, the entire meaning will be spoiled. Pronouns namely I, you, he/she/it, we, they are used as substitutes for nouns in order to avoid repetitive use of nouns. A sentence where the noun is frequently used may be awkward and a little complicated to understand.However, if nouns are being substituted by pronouns, the reader has greater chances to appreciate and understand a single or group of sentences. The pursuit shows the differences of having too many nouns used from using pronouns. When Anne went home, Anne notice Annes mother preparing food for Anne. When Anne went home, she notice her mother preparing food for her. Apart from articles, verb to bes, and pronouns, conjunctions, too, are widely used amongst men and women.Coordinating conjunctions and, but, or, yet, for, nor, and or are joiners words that link parts of every sentence. T hey connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal importance. Meanwhile, Conjunctive adverbs, or transition words, can exist either in the beginning, middle or the latter part of either in the first or second clause of a chemical compound sentence. Common conjunctive adverbs are then, likewise, however, and a lot more. With so many English words known and used widely, its safe to say that world(prenominal) English standards have penetrated all throughout the earth.True enough, they affect the mindset of every individual. So, it is normal for us to expect that many will become antiphonal upon learning to know and understand English words most especially among Chinese, Korean, and other races. Likewise, technology is not deteriorating. Cable television is not new and nearly 99 % English-oriented programs are being aired on cable TVs. No wonder why a lot of non-English individuals become more oriented to the English language. In the flow of modernity, we see the influx of Hollywood m ovies aired in English language.These shows do not fail to catch the attention of its viewers, Americans and non-Americans alike. Globalization is it. And it has been accepted worldwide that English language is now being used as the medium of communication. They value the language same as they value their existence. Perhaps, English words send a strong message to many that gives them an option not to close their minds from learning the language.Reference ListDiscounttutor. com 2008. The Most Common Words in the English Language. Electronic document, http//discountutor.com/most_commonly_use_words. htm, accessed November 16, 2008. The SDSU Writing Center 2008. Conjunctions and Conjunctive Verbs. Electronic document, http//www. sdstate. edu/writingcenter/conjunctions_and_conjunctive_adv1. htm, accessed November 16, 2008. University of Ottawa 2008. What is a Pronoun. Electronic document, http//www. arts. uottawa. ca/writcent/hypergrammar/pronouns. html, accessed November 16, 2008. White Smoke Inc. 2008 2002 The Verb To Be in English. Electronic document, http//www. whitesmoke. com/verb-to-be. html, accessed November 16, 2008.

Late Adulthood Essay Example for Free

Late Adulthood EssayAs we all get grizzlyer we question what is going to happen to us. What does our body go through and wherefore? Do you ever enjoy why things happen when you get older instead of mishap in your essence days time of flavor to prepargon you for what is coming and sustain you deal with things a little easier? What happens to your mind and why does it happen? Well, those are just some of the things that go through the throng in the novel adulthood. Some of the questions are always asked by commonwealth that are in their late adulthood.My research is important because, it go forth help people in the late adulthood better conceive what happens as they get older and help the middle age people understand what they may go through as they get older. Everyones body ages differently and some just do not understand what can happen or what may happen. To help the people in the military personnel through life a little easier and maybe eve give them a chance t o get the help they need before it is too late and things get worse or causes more problems with themselves or their families.The call for go unwrap help us better understand the different life spans of a human through their different stages in life. Help understand why our mind is not as functional as it was in our middle age time. Help understand why our body changes with time. This study will help the people as much as it will help us. We may be able to find a way to help the middle age prevent from going to memory loss and even psychology show them that there is maybe a way to go through a butt on in their time of age a little easier to where we can keep them from getting an eating disorder and find out why that happens when they get older.This will help us better understand why Alzheimers is just a problem and maybe do some research and see if we could understand mentally where they are in the state of mind they in and better understand this disease. This study will consist of talking to different middle elder and late aged people. We will be doing a lot of different memory test as well as psychological tests.The research that I have done so far as far as the middle age as well as the late age aggroup of people and have found it very interesting how to different age groups are going through similar experiences mentally and physically in life with their body as well as their minds and also and most important emotionally. The similarity was very interesting because, I asked a 40 year old person and then asked a 61 year old person the akin questions and one being a fe potent and the other a male and the answers were very similar and that is amazing and made me wonder why and how that is. My intent is to find out the why the middle age starts at a authentic age and what the difference between the middle age to the late age besides the ages.Why people feel after they get to a accepted age they feel their feelings and emotions change. Why do they feel that they are not attractive besides their age? Why do they start losing their memory at a certain age? Why is the depression is so much stronger when they get to the late adulthood and why it starts hitting at the middle age, people start getting scared and feels that their lives are ending instead of making their lives the best everyday they are alive.This study is a long study that will take a while to do. If we do the right test and a lot of observation we should be able to show some progress and theories on why things happen the way they do. This research will help us better understand the different stages of life and maybe help make it a little better for the process of aging and better understand. As people get older they feel that no one understands what they are going through. Well, I want them to understand that there are some people out that are willing to try to understand what they are going through in life as well as emotionally and physically. in that location are a lot of people that are denying what is going on with them and they are looking at for help. Researchers have tried to understand the different stages of life but, that was in the past. There has been a lot of change and a lot more discoveries in the world today and new research and understanding has to be done.So with the new research we do and explore more depth into our research to figure out what wasnt figured out in the past or figure out what is new and why that happening is will better help the people as well as the future researches that are going to wonder the same things or start were we left off. Do you sit back and wonder why we deny that we are getting older? Why do you think that is? Do you wonder why you get as depressed as you get older and you feel like you are just not you anymore? Do you wonder why your acceptance of who you are is not the same which in return sends you on many other paths in life? With this research it may answer a lot of these questions and mayb e even more. There is so much to learn we just need the chance to do it and better understand the life development.

Effective Communication in Midwifery

Effective Communication in tocologyA discussion on how the accoucheuse demonstrates her professional office through utile confabulation, includingan awareness of factors, which may contribute to poor parley.IntroductionThe nurse accoucheusery Council (2004a, p. 17) in addressing the responsibilities and sphere of practice for midwives under Rule procedure 6 of their Midwives rules and standards brings forth the importance of communication by stating that midwives Should work in partnership with the woman and her family and Should enable the woman to make decisions approximately her maintenance ground upon her individual needs, by discussing matters fully with her. Rule number 6 adds that the accoucheuse overly Should view the womans even out to refuse both advice addicted ( nurse tocology Council, 2004a, p. 17). In furthering the roll of rough-and-ready communication, Rule 7 under Administration of medicines as put forth by the Nursing obstetrics Council (2004a, p. 19) advises that A midwife must respect the right of individuals to self-administer substances of their choice.The predate specifications have been brought forth as they help to set the foundational context for this examination, that seek to explore how the midwife demonstrates her professional accountability through effective communication, including an awareness of factors, which may contribute to poor communication.The Nursing Midwifery Council (2008a) under a put down call The scratch Standards of manage, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives begins its document by stating that The people in your care must be able to trust you with their health and easy-being, and that in ordering for nurses and midwives To justify that thrust they need to be able to conduct effective communication in a broad sphere of activities and actions. In elaborating upon the foregoing The figure adds that midwives need to be open and honest along with acting with integrity (Nursing Midwifery Council, 2008a). The preceding means that they must and are accountable for their actions, means that accordingly that they must treat people as individuals respecting their dignity, as wellhead as acting as an advocate for those in their care, aiding and assisting them in accessing relevant health and favorable care, information and support (Nursing Midwifery Council, 2008a). The importance of effective communication is further unders fondnessd in the dictates of The Code that states midwives must Respect peoples confidentiality, mandating that midwifes need to respect their patients right to confidentiality, informing them as to the how and why information is shared among those providing for their care, and importantly, that midwifes must disclose information (if they) believe someone may be at risk of harm in accordance with the law (Nursing Midwifery Council, 2008a).The foregoing represents rules of ethics as well as conduct that provide the foundati onal understandings for the conduct of midwives. Importantly, the underpinning of the relationship between midwives and patients reside in collaboration. That communication means listening to their patients, along with responding to their concerns and preferences, and the support of their patients in caring for themselves to improve and maintain their health (Nursing Midwifery Council, 2008a). The critical facet of effective and ongoing communication and trust resides in the trust between patients and midwives, as this is the foundation of care. That foundation includes the respect as well as recognition of the contribution that people make to their own care and well-being, and sharing information, conversation and professional advice in a manner their patients finish understand (Nursing Midwifery Council, 2008a).The preceding means the see of language as well as communication needs, along with gaining consent before beginning any treatment or care programs to ensure patients are absolutely clear on what such entails (Nursing Midwifery Council, 2008a). The preceding means that the patients right to either accept or decline care and or treatment is inherent in their rights, along with their being fully informed as well as involved in decisions as such relate to their care and treatment (Nursing Midwifery Council, 2008a).StandardsEffective communication and accountability in the conduct of duties as a midwife includes their relationship with their supervisors as well as doctors, hospitals and other round, organisations. The foregoing was detailed in another document from the Nursing Midwifery Council (2007) titled Standards for the supervised practice of midwives whereby the important of communication and professional practice means that midwives need to maintain a communicative relationship with their supervisors and the aforementioned support staff to further their own development. In addition, midwifes need to be able to honestly evaluate their ow n performance to shore up areas that they are either listless or not proficient in (Nursing Midwifery Council, 2007). Communication goes to the heart of delivering effective care, as the patient needs to develop an ongoing sonorousness, and advise the midwife of all facets connected with their carePrep stands for post-registration education and practice that represents standards as well as guidance in the providing of care and practice that maintains high levels (Nursing Midwifery Council, 2008b). Under the preceding, nurses and midwives are required to record continuing professional development, in compliance with standards and practice (Nursing Midwifery Council, 2008b). One provision under this requirement is that midwives, as well as nurses, are required to be able to demonstrate their ability to use arrogate communications, teaching and learning skills. The importance of the preceding is that effective communication is stressed in every Nursing Midwifery Council (2008) document. The significance of the preceding is detailed in the Nursing Midwifery Councils (2004b) document Complaints about unfitness to get along A guide for members of the public that deals with allegations concerning care practice by midwives. This guide for patients indicates that issues concerning complaints encompasses verbal abuse failure to provide adequate care concealing unsafe practice as key areas, all of which can potentially have their roots in poor communication between midwives and patients. much(prenominal) instances can be avoided through proper and ongoing communication with patients in a professional manner that emanates from the beginning of the relationship, on through every meeting and or communication exchange.The scope of the preceding, communication, as an important facet in the professionalism and accountability of a midwife is contained in the Nursing Midwifery Councils (2004c) reporting neediness of competence A guide for employers and manager s that states that one of the characteristics the indicates and or demonstrates a lack of competence includes a difficulty in communicating with colleagues, patients or clients, the unfitness to work as apart of a team , and poor judgement (Nursing Midwifery Council, 2004c). In looking at the foregoing, one can see that communication is either at the heart of, or a symptom. Further importance, as well as administrative recognition of communication as a core foundational aspect in the practice of midwifery is contained in the Nursing Midwifery Councils (2004d) Reporting unfitness to practise A guide for employers and managers that states that fitness to practise might be impaired by a persistent lack of ability in properly identifying care needs and accordingly planning and delivering appropriate care.Accountability and CommunicationThe critical temper of health care delivery entails listening and communicating with patients as an active and ongoing dialogue. The critical nat ure of effective communication as well as accountability and the ramifications of poor communication skills can be a result of the creation of a non-harmonious rapport with the patient that results in misunderstood communication concerning the methods of care and or options open to them, as well as a host of associated factors. In a document as prepared by the Nursing Midwifery Councils (2008c), listening to patient concerns regarding their care is the first of a list of areas that includes the creation of an environment that facilitates effective communication . The emphasis on communication is paramount in the health care profession (Ellingson, 2002).In a study conducted Catherine McCabe (2004, pp. 41-49) she starts her report advising Patient centred communication is a basic component and facilitates the development of a positive nurse-patient relationship (that) results in the delivery of quality care. Her study uncovered that a lack of communication, along with empathy we re two of the most cited reasons by patients in complaints about their health care delivery. The diversity that exists in the UK makes the subject of effective communication even more(prenominal) compelling. Language, educational, believe systems, unsureness and or suspicions regarding the role and or competence of midwifes, tales involving others negative experiences with midwives, as well as a host of other factors represent impediments to the profession that a midwife needs to be aware and cognizant of in establishing contact with a patient, and developing an atmosphere of trust and confidence (Devries et al, 2001).ConclusionIn an term published by Medical intelligence Today (2007), it stated that the NMC Code requires each nurse and midwife to act at all times in a such a manner as to justify public trust and confidence. The article went on to add that Nurses and midwifes are personally accountable for their practice stating that their professional accountability requires t hem to work in an open and co-operative manner with patients and their families recognising patient input and involvement in their care and health planning (Medical News Today, 2007). While the bulk of this study has focuses on the midwives communication with their patients, which is the core of their responsibilities in their profession, as members of a team, midwives also must exercise and exhibit effective communication with their peers and administrative bodies as well.Supervisors are an important part of this process in that they are there to assist and help midwives stay abreast of new developments, evaluate and aid them in enhancing their care delivery as well as being working partners in the midwife / patient relationship (Nursing Midwifery Council, 2008d).The supervisory practice aids midwifes in their accountability, as well as assisting them in their potential or real communication issues with patients, and stand as an aid in the process. Their role in the effective mo nitoring of midwifes is in the interests of the public as well as the midwife, through their ongoing monitoring of midwives (Nursing Midwifery Council, 2008d). Jones and Symon (2000, p. 27) point to the preceding as being one of the strengths of the profession in the UK, the statutory supervision of midwives. They state that the systems priorities are the assisting of midwives in the assessment of their own needs, as well as those of their patients, maintaining the adherence to the Code as their guide (Jones and Symon, 2000, p. 27). The preceding is referred to as ethics that represents the role of midwives, their supervisors and the entire structure of health care that is in the public trust. The aforementioned layer of accountability has been established to oversee midwives as well as provide them with a framework to foster communications with patients, and also provide patients with a structure as well. Good communication, as stated throughout this study, wards off potential iss ues and problems, and is the cornerstone in establishing effective care for the midwife and patient. Its importance cannot be over emphasised, as miscommunication in health care can have consequences that are life threatening.BibliographyDevries, R., Wrede, S., Teijlingen, E., Benoit, C. (2001) Birth by Design Pregnancy, gestation Care, and Midwifery in North America and Europe. Routledge. London, United soilEllingson, L. (2002) Communication, Collaboration, and Teamwork among Health Care Professionals. Vol. 21, No. 3. Communication Research TrendsJones, S., Symon, A. (2000) Ethics in Midwifery. Mosby Publishers. EdinberghMcCabe. C. (2004) Nurse-patient communication an exploration of patients experiences. Vol. 13, No. 1. Journal of Clinical NursingMedical news Today (2007) Resuscitation of Patients, UK. 1 November 2007. Medical News TodayNursing Midwifery Council (2004b) Complaints about unfitness to practise A guide for members of the public. Nursing Midwifery Council. London, United dry landNursing Midwifery Council (2004a) Midwives rules and standards. Nursing Midwifery Council. London, United KingdomNursing Midwifery Council (2008d) Modern supervision in action a practical guide for midwives. Nursing Midwifery Council. London, United KingdomNursing Midwifery Council (2004c) Reporting lack of competence A guide for employers and managers. London, United KingdomNursing Midwifery Council (2004d) Reporting unfitness to practise A guide for employers and managers. Nursing Midwifery Council. London, United KingdomNursing Midwifery Councils (2008c) Support for parents How supervision and Supervisors of Midwives can help you. Nursing Midwifery Council. London, United KingdomThe Nursing Midwifery Council (2008a) The Code Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwifes. The Nursing Midwifery Council. London, United KingdomNursing Midwifery Council (2008b) The Prep handbook. Nursing Midwifery Council. London, United Kingdom

Reflection On Augstines Love Philosophy Essay

Reflection On Augstines Love Philosophy EssayAugustine stresses cut as an important player in his moral philosophy. earth natur wholey loves. For Augustine people love in many ways and there are two most common ways. One is love for something instrumental where in someone loves something for the utility that it has for us. We see this in advertising quite often a prime example would be McDonalds which proudly uses the slogan love ko to. A kind of love that springs from something satisfying our own desires, average like McDonalds satisfies ones desire for a burger. The other kind of love which Augustine describes is a more essential love. This is the kind of love we chip in for other people. Augustine asserts that this love differs from the instrumental kind of love because we dont simply only love others because of their utility sometimes this is actually the opposite. Augustine asserts this love as inhuman because as a human being people are made in Gods image. And that human beings deserved to be loved both as the image of God because none of us are independent of God, who created us, and as their own individual person.This is where the idea of morality and virtue steps in. When in harming people we love their utility rather than who they are. Virtue for Augustine is rightly request love. It is not virtuous to love an object that is instrumental and expect it to receive us true happiness. Augustine also points out that we gutternot love God unless we love ourselves because in learning to love ourselves we understand ourselves as creations of God from whom all respectable things come.On the other side of the spectrum Augustine considers choice to be the thing that gives birth to evil and that the pursuit of good is born out of moral illumination that is habituated by God and rooted in love.Someone once told me that if someone had a crush on me it might not be something they would admit because Id be pretty only if I was thinner. At first it sounded like a compliment but I was instantly taken aback. Does liking someone still just on the level of a crush so conditional on ones nerves? I honestly didnt know what to count but the truth is that Ive ever looked different from all of my classmates. In high school everyone was thin and dainty with pin straight black hair and ivory skin while I was big with a loud head of curls. It took me some time to accept the fact that I would never be that kind of pretty.I know it seems school but today appearances are so important they are everywhere and lets face it advertising and celebrity culture doesnt make it well to have self-esteem. It took me a while to feel comfortable in my own skin and realize that Im not a dainty Asian flower, Im a giant mountainous fair sex to quote my uncle. Having finally accepted it I gained more confidence and I felt more open and I knew that appearances werent everything. The new challenge that sprung up it seemed was that because Im expatiate and tall some people thought that I shouldnt be confident or that the word fat is immediately equated to ugly. This was something I couldnt wrap my head around. why does my weight or appearance matter so much to other people? And how does it dictate how kind or intelligent or honest I am? In a world like this are looks the first step to loving oneself, it seems the my stretch marks go deeper than just my skin.Do these raving mad red marks go down into who I am and therefore make me less than anyone else?It was Augustines idea of loving yourself and why you should love yourself that resonated with me the most. I remember that it is also hard for non-Christians to relate to Augustine because his philosophy is so God centred. However, I think that his progression of loving oneself first then realizing that there is something more to it all is something that is true for anyone. Personally sometimes it is hard to do this and it is especially hard to do without looking at the physical side of th ings especially today when there is so much emphasis on physical ideals. Looking at the times when I have just sit there with my thoughts quietly thought to myself nigh who I am and it has made me realize that it is moments like that wherein you truly discover how to love yourself. I realized there isnt really merit in loving myself because I am thin or because my skin is flawless. As Augustine says there is a right order to love and that in many cyanogenetic relationships people have quite disordered love. People love for the wrong reasons such money and status and people ask for something that the other can just simply not give. It has made me realize that a lot of disordered love is rooted in insecurity people love things that they thing can make them complete instead of first loving themselves and essentially knowing who they are to begin with. It is so easy now to say that you are how you look and thats it or you are the gadgets that you own butTo go even further it seems to have become taboo to even just sit silently and be alone with your thoughts. I think what makes it quite hard is that sometimes when I find myself doing this I get overwhelmed by my thoughts and soon enough I am submerged in it all. Soon enough though I find myself being able to ride the waves of my thoughts and finding what I truly value in myself. And the answers honestly arent close anything physical or about anything external from me. The answers I find to all of the questions about myself come from somewhere very internal. The answer to where this congresswoman I hear comes from in Augustines philosophy would most definitely be God, a supreme God who has created me and therefore my love is rooted in Him. In essence when I was able to look past all of the physical ideals and the comments others would have about whether or not I was deserving of love I realized only I could answer the question of whether or not I feel I could love or should be loved. It is from this insight th at the shack the role of love in Augustines philosophy follows and it is something that I think many people tend to forget. go reflecting on this it insight it made me wonder about those who truly love themselves and yet do not necessarily believe in God and whether or not Augustines philosophy would still apply to them. It is this vary of Augustines philosophy that I had to really think about. And after hours of thinking about it I realized that there are many people who have ordered love and are not necessarily Christian because no matter what religion you are to love seems to be something natural for humans. When people are face with great tragedy and bleakness the natural reception isnt necessarily hate or revenge its love. In the recent and very tragic Newtown shooting the children wrote notes to their parents about how much they loved them for fear that they may never be able to say it again. From here we see that it is so natural and unpretentious to love intrinsically. W hile for Augustine true happiness is found in God and comes from God it made me realize that happiness in its many forms is found in love. Love for loves rice beer not because of what it can give you but because love is something natural that we do.After having reflected on love in my life and out of it Ive realized that the only response I can give that can truly make a difference is to ponder how I love and why I love. It is so easy to doubt yourself as worthy of being loved and when others perceive you as not good enough or not of the norm and I think the best response is to be secure in the fact the that your body isnt the only reason there is to love yourself and that it should definitely not be the simple reason that you find to love yourself. I think that this is something important that I can actually share with other people. Loving connotes openness and that in loving others for who they really are and not treating them as an object is how I should really love. I think tha t the best response I can possibly have is to be mindful of how I love and what I love lest it become disordered and self-destructive even.

Ethnographic Methods in Qualitative Research

Ethnographic Methods in Qualitative ResearchFirstly, this es prescribe outlines a definition of both qualitative and ethnography methods. It pull up stakes then explain how quartette articles of qualitative investigate present utilise the ethnographic method. It go forth discuss each article then equality and contrast them. Finally, the essay will look at a critical analysis of ethnography by linking the articles to the data written. They be as follows Imp turn of horizontalts of pecuniary incentives on clinical autonomy and internal motivation in primary care ethnographic study is article one Assessing the promise of user occasion in health service development ethnographic study is article two Receptionist input to quality and safety in repeat prescribing in UK superior general practice ethnographic case study is article three and Role of ethnographic research for assessing behavior of employees during cleaning and sanitation in food conceptualization areas is article c ardinal. And finally, it will look at several(predicate) scenes on ethnography such as feminist and postmodernist.Qualitative research collects data that usually diary accounts, straight-from-the-shoulder-ended questionnaires, unstructured interviews and unstructured m uses (Jamshed, 2004). This kind of research is hard to measure. It includes things such as eye colour or characteristics of something that are obtained by in-depth research finished collecting rich data. Therefore, qualitative research croup be described, rather than measurable data (quantitative) (Patton and Cochran, 2002).Ethnography is used to represent the study of realism by means of companionship and experiences, and the taking into custody of human behaviour, and in addition It consists of debates on the emergence of todays society. Max Weber definition embraces the explanation and understanding by using the interpretive understanding of social action, where interpretivism is subjective meaning to soc ial action. Schutz (1962) suggest it is observation on the experiences of everyday lives (Schutz, 1962, p. 59 cited in Bryman, 2008, p.16). Ethnography is a study of observation and interviews, and developing an understanding of the society and individuals behaviour. According to Sarsby (1984) every field is different and it is being at the right place at the right duration (Bryman, 2008, p. 401) and twist a relationship with partcipants.Article one is a study that was done using observations and interviews. The research explores the attitudes and patterns of behaviour of the faculty. The researchers had interviews that were both formal and informal conversations with most of the staff. To discover the details it was requested that the partcipants described their job roles. They were asked what their views were on how it affected their jobs with new contracts (MacDonald, 2007). The methods they used were interviews and observations of stake in spite of appearance the practice . They stated that the data of these methods helped to compare the behaviour of the staff (MacDonald, 2007).With the interviews, they transcribed and coded to recognise the developing areas. They conversed with the research team frequently to assess expectations and also to categorise ship guidance for more study (MacDonald, 2007). There are bounds to this study, as the researchers proceeded insignificant samples and thither were no views from the staff within the practices. Besides that, they put that they could not observe the motivation of the staff. This is because it might delay observations of their behaviour and the writing up of their findings (MacDonald, 2007). The research shows the early stages and there is a need for further research (MacDonald, 2007). The outline of the study where the structural deviations linked with the implementation of the quality and outcomes has shown the ways that doctors and staff relate to each other(a). In addition, it shows the difficul ty in predicting the long-term costs of the changes (MacDonald, 2007).Article two used participants observations and interviews, and collections of documentary evidence. It was led by professionals that determined the areas that essential improvement where partcipants users could take part (Fudge, 2008). It was hard to identify the effect on the services. Indeed, the study highlighted there was further knowledge of the personal gains for the staff who were involved (Fudge, 2008). By doing this research it gave increased knowledge about strokes and the services available for patients and specialists, and administrative staff (Fudge, 2008). There was not much evidence of direct user involvement of improving quality of services. In addition, there a lack of skilled staff was noticed (Fudge, 2008). The study has limitations because the programme is not directly generalisable to modernisation. Another limitation was that the study was only carried out two eld of the three years that wa s predicted. It only provided part of the study where the user involvement continues to progress (Fudge, 2008). One energy of this research is that, by using the ethnography method, they are able to include participant observations. They can see what the staff actually do instead of what they say (Fudge, 2008).The objective of the research in article three was to describe, explore and to compare organisational routines for repeat prescriptions in doctors surgeries. (Swinglehurst, 2011). The investigation involved mapping the prescribing service by construction on a rich description of the organisational doctors surgeries, and also connecting them through combination reports on the repeat prescriptions (Swinglehurst, 2011). The research showed that the receptionists and administrative staff regarded themselves responsible to the patients when repeating prescriptions. It requires a high degree of modifying and the decision of receptionists where there is a need for an updated study f or patient protection (Swinglehurst, 2011). It was found by researchers that the doctors were oblivious of the input of their receptionists and administrative staff, indeed, within the article there was no information in the policy documents and previous research. However, the staff were occasionally criticised for not getting choke done and their indirect ways of safeguarding patients (Swinglehurst, 2011). The research ascertained the relationship and pressures of the work they do daily, and to find ways of the loves within the surgeries, and to find a better way for the procedure of repeat prescriptions. They found their research was bigger than any other UK practice. Furthermore, the willingness of the staff being observed could have replicated features of the practice. This is common when observing, as using electronic patient records are combine with pharmacy systems (Swinglehurst, 2011).Article four is a study that observes and undertakes interviews in the workplace. This i s to see how they understand and explore practices of food handling and provide measures for the effectiveness of workplace training. The research shows that the results help to identify areas of improvement, by allowing the progress of training with the right tools. This is where the training is inputted from primary production through to food handling by the consumer (Crandell et al., 2015). This study used an ethnography method to collect the data of employees who did the cleaning and sanitation jobs (Crandell et al., 2015). Many tasks were identified while doing an observation interview procedure (Crandell et al., 2015). The study showed that there was a need for improvement and to provide training and materials, and also to regulate whether the SOP and SSOP procedures were being followed as written and if not, why not? (Crandell et al., 2015). The research found that there is a need for new and modified work flow, and with new tools and training (Crandell et al., 2015). The res earchers used interviews with open-ended questions to fill the gaps that observations cannot pick up.However, there are limitations with open-ended questions that can give diverse information the answer could be irrelevant to the research, and also the question can be too complex and the interviewee could lose their way in the interview. Another problem is that the person who is being interviewed could be intimidated by the questions. It can be time consuming and the interviews take a long time to transcribe and code. Strengths of open-ended questions interviews include that they can allow for unlimited possible answers and can be answered in detail. Some findings could be gained that the interviewer had not thought of using before.This essay will now use critical analysis of the ethnography method, and it will discuss the findings within the study. An example of ethnography is the Chicago School of societal Research. Robert Park encouraged students to study and observe the continu ous changes of social occurrences of Chicago in the 1920s and 1930s. The research was extensive in areas such as discourtesy and deviance, race relations and urbanism (May, 2001, p.147 Bulmer, 1984a Kurtz, 1984). It is claimed that the researcher was part of the study in order to get an understanding of changes by participating and recording their experiences (May, 2001, p.148).However, it can be argued that individuals act on principles from their environments. This is because they can understand the actions of individuals who occupy and produce cultures, defined as symbolic and learned aspects of human behaviour. Becker (1979) states that there is a need to recognise the difficulties and concepts in order to determine the information within the study (May, 2001, p148). Ethnography leads to an empathetic understanding of a social setting. Glaser and Strauss (1967) state that it should be related to the behaviour of the study. As the researcher is exposed to each social setting it acts as a control on reaching rushed conclusions (May, 2001, pp. 150-151). It is possible that researchers will omit a whole range of data in order to confirm their own pre-established beliefs, leaving the method open to the charge of bias. Furthermore, the observation of small-scale setting leaves it open to the charge that its findings are local, specific and not generalisable. It therefore lacks external validity. This may be challenged by arguing that the observed social setting is typical, by adopting the perspective of realism and examining the generative mechanisms of human interaction (May, 2001, pp. 170 171, Porter, 1993), or using a variety of data sources (May, 2001, p.171).This essay will now compare the four articles. All articles used an ethnography method with interviews and observations. Article one and two did a small amount of research. It is clear if the study was done over a longer term it would have been more accurate. This is because the researchers would have rich and more detailed data. Article two is an example of this statement. It was smaller than the researchers predicted they only researched for two years instead of the three years they predicted. Article one had no mention of the views from the staff and in article three the doctors were unaware of what administrative staff do within the practice. However, they were often asked what they have done within the day. Article four used open-ended questions to fill in the gaps that observation could not identify. However, it can be argued that the questions can be complex and all the answers are not recorded. The first research only used a small group of researchers the study does not show the views and the outcomes of observation in the study. There were many consequences and it was difficult to recognise the impact of the services. The research found that there is a lack of technical knowledge. However, other studies have shown it helps with the running of the surgery. The third und ertook an investigation by charting the services to build a rich description. It showed it is essential for quality and services on repeat prescriptions. Also, it highlights the work that the receptionists and administrative staff do in the background. Indeed, teamwork is essential for patient safety. Finally, the fourth study identifies areas of improvement and training with the right tools. The study evaluates the cleaning process of working with food. Documents were observed and identified the need for improvements in employee training with the right tools, and training for improvement.This kind of research has proved to be first-rate and it seems to be an ideal way to study. Even though there are differences among areas of study, it has delivered an in-depth collection of data. It also often determines more research that needs to done. There are limitations too time is an issue for ethnographic studies and there are costs with doing full in-depth research. Another example would be funding to do an in-depth research will cost money to do. It will be cheaper to do a survey then an investigation over a long time.However, the main challenge would be acceptance from the people they are studying. They need to be accepted in the area of a study to get the best results. The progress is important to find out the key informants to conduct this kind of research. This is because they would undertake regular reviews and the researchers need to have a good rapport with them. When conducting research participant observation involves looking and listening. The objective is to see individuals in their usual background the investigator should not interrupt the setting. Blending into the background is usually recommended. However, it can be impossible, for example, when observing in a classroom will be out of place. This can result in an artificial setting (Taylor et al., 1995, p621). However, it can be difficult to observe sometimes a participant percipient and interview ers are unclear because researchers usually write up the days finding on the day while they are still fresh in their minds. However, even doing it on the same day information can be left out due to the fact that the researcher cannot remember everything that has be spoken in the interview.Feminist approach suggests that issues concerning women are often overlooked. Looking through the feminist lens they believe that it is how we think, such as what is the truth and what is false, (epistemology) and it is the reflection of the researcher understanding of what is fact(ontology). According to Marcus (1992) realist ethnographers believe in coherence, community, historical determination and structure (Skeggs, Nd, p.431). In addition, there is a reality out there which can be discovered and identified.(Skeggs,Nd, p.431). Marcus also suggest that it is the question of who or what controls and defines the identity of individuals, social groups, nations and cultures (Skeggs, Nd, p.431).http/ /reinhardmeyers.uni-muenster.de/docs/Postmodernism5.htmPostmodernists ethnographers focuses on the pressures of issues of globalisation, and the movement of people, and the everyday relations of the world (Weiss and Wesley, Nd). Therefore, different perspectives see ethnography in a different way, and also do their study in various differences of their research. They argue that the nature of knowledge has changed to a new radical theories. The theory of knowledge (epistemology) claims that the truth can be discovered by the use of the correct techniques. In addition, it used to evaluate what is true and what is not, however, postmodernist believe it is possible to blueprint out the knowledge as being untrue (har Hol, yr, pp. 904/5).In conclusion, this essay has looked at how qualitative research and ethnography methods are used in four different articles. It has sought to identify similarities and differences of using ethnography within research. All four used ethnography with obs ervation and interviews. In the studies, they all highlighted that there is a need for further research and training is needed in all areas of these works of research. Each work of research was done in different areas however, they have similar aspects in what they covered. However, they have used the study in different ways. It has shown that, when using the qualitative research and ethnographic method, there are strengths and weaknesses. Before beginning the research, these have to be examined before deciding on what method to use. By looking at different views on ethnography, it highlights that they look at it in different perspectives of the work of ethnography method.

A Tale Of Two Cities :: essays research papers

Throughout the book, A Tale of Two Cities the typography of sacrifice is apply to help the reader realize the cost of life, as well as to develop the plot through the effects of those sacrifices. Through the characters of Sydney carton, Dr. Manette, and Ms. Pross the theme of sacrifice is developed. The theme of sacrifice brings key aspects of the plot together, and Cartons sacrifice brings the novel to closer in the end. Sydney Carton paid the highest cost of sacrifice with his life, and in doing so he was actually similar to deliverer Christ. Carton laid down his life for a man who had never done anything for him and who in fact had abused his relationship as demonstrated on page 191 when Carton describes himself in Darnays view as "a dissolute dog who has never done any good, and never will." in like manner Jesus Christ let himself be beaten, abused, and killed for the same people who spit in his face. Other people in both cases thought that Jesus and Carton were not thought to be much more that dogs, while they both sacrificed their lives so these people who treated them like dogs could live. Both Cartons and Jesus sacrifice was inspired by a deep desperate hunch forward for which they were willing to do anything. Carton was willing to die for Lucie because of his desperate, scandalous love for her, in effect(p) as Jesus showed his love for man when he was willing to give up his life for every man. This level of love makes the sacrifice even more valuable and brings things to closure. Finally, Carton and Jesus both knew that through their sacrifice, others could have life. Cartons cobblers last breathed life into Darnay just as Jesus Christs death breathes life into those who trust in him. The importance of their death is that it brings life. The role of Cartons sacrifice in the plot is that the cost of life is sometimes high. Through his sacrifice the cost and privilege of living can be measured, just as Christians can see the true cost and privilege of life through Jesus Christs sacrifice. Dr. Manette also sacrificed much of his life by giving up his own personal goals and agenda for Lucie. On page 125 Dr. Manette says, "any fancies, any reasons, and apprehensions, anything whatsoever, new or old against the man she really lovedthey

Genetic Engineering: There is No Genetic Definition of Humanity Essay

With advances in genetics and the decryption of the human genome, many people are taking the time to invest back and ponder the questions of what humanity is and where it comes from.1 Will techniques such as gene therapy level offtually create people who arent quite human? If humanity is a supple and ever-changing concept, then how do people know if they are human? Does some standard measure of humanity probem likely in our future, and is it even ethically proper to impose such a standard? Philosophy offers the most satisfying definition of humanity a human person is a conscious individual who interacts with an outside world. The details of the various philosophical debates on the exact nature of personhood would be enough to fill a library, but the briny ideas can be summarized as follows a person is self-aware, having the ability to think about thinking. Nothing in this definition of humanity involves matters of genetics or three-figure analyses of specific traits, which makes this definition applicable to people who may not be human in the way science tries to define the term. Defining humanity in a scientific sense, however, is a nettled endeavor. Many strictly human traits can be found in animals. Wolves have a complex neighborly structure. Bonobos, a subspecies of chimpanzee, can learn an abstract symbol-language and show the ability to understand grammar and syntax.2 In other experiments dolphins-who are genetically more distant from earth than bonobos-learned a type of sign language showing that they, too, are able to grasp complex rules of language.3 One only has to yell at the family dog to see that animals can express emotion and empathy. What, then, is left to humans? Many point to our advanced technology as proof... ...1. This paper was originally written for the course, Human Genetics, Society, and Ethics, held at Washington College, Chestertown, Maryland. 2. Robert A. Baron, Psychology fifth ed. (Boston Allyn and Bacon, 2000). 3. Baron. 4 . N. A. Campbell, J. B. Reece, and L. G. Mitchell, Biology 5th ed., (New York Addison Wesley Longman, 1999). 5. Matt Ridley, Genome The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters (New York HarperCollins Publishers, 1999) 24. 6. Ibid. 7. Baron. 8. Ridley, 24. 9. Ibid. 10. Campbell et al., 446. BibliographyBaron, Robert. A. Psychology. 5th ed. Boston Allyn and Bacon, 2000. Campbell, N. A., J. B. Reece, and L. G. Mitchell. Biology. 5th ed. New York Addison Wesley Longman, 1999. Ridley, Matt. Genome The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters. New York HarperCollins Publishers, 1999.