Cryobiology: Low Temperature Studies Of Biological Systems :: Biology Biological Papers

Cryobiology: Low Temperature Studies Of Biological Systems Thesis: Low temperature biology, or cryobiology, has the possibility, and may very easily and very drastically affect everyones' lives in the future. Through rapidly approaching cryobiological medical procedures and techniques, the presence of intense ethical issues may play an important role in many everyday decisions that do not now exist. Introduction What is cryobiology? It is "the study of the effects of freezing and low temperatures on living organisms" (Read, 1999). While the main focus of cryobiology is on living organisms (as suggested above), cryobiological techniques have been expanded to include treatment of nonliving things as well. This addition of non-living objects has expanded the focus to not only include plants, animals, and humans, but also to include machinery and other metal objects. A common synonym of cryobiology is "cryogenics". According to the New American Desk Encyclopedia (1989), cryogenics is defined as "the branch of physics dealing with the behavior of matter at very low temperatures, and with the production of those temperatures." As can be seen, cryogenics is a slightly more focused study of the cryobiological field dealing primarily with production methods of those freezing temperatures. Another sub-study field, if you will, is that of cryonics. Cryonics is defined as the practice of freezing humans who are not curable by current medical technology, in the hope that ways may be found to bring them back to life at some future time when ways of repairing the damage caused by the freezing process have been developed, as well as cures of the diseases or other causes of death which necessitated their cryonics suspension (Cryogenics International, 1999). As suggested above, cryobiology is primarily centered on the effects on those living organisms or non-living objects, although the methods and procedures are also very important. All around the world new and improved techniques are being tested to make this a better medical and preservational procedure. Not only are the different techniques and procedures getting increased attention, but also many accompanying controversial issues are as well. Low temperature biology, or cryobiology, has the possibility to very easily and very drastically affect everyoneà ­s lives in the future. Through rapidly approaching cryobiological medical procedures and techniques, the presence of intense ethical issues may play an important role in many everyday decisions that do not now exist. Cryobiology Techniques There are many different cryobiological techniques that exist and are being used today. Cryobiology: Low Temperature Studies Of Biological Systems :: Biology Biological Papers Cryobiology: Low Temperature Studies Of Biological Systems Thesis: Low temperature biology, or cryobiology, has the possibility, and may very easily and very drastically affect everyones' lives in the future. Through rapidly approaching cryobiological medical procedures and techniques, the presence of intense ethical issues may play an important role in many everyday decisions that do not now exist. Introduction What is cryobiology? It is "the study of the effects of freezing and low temperatures on living organisms" (Read, 1999). While the main focus of cryobiology is on living organisms (as suggested above), cryobiological techniques have been expanded to include treatment of nonliving things as well. This addition of non-living objects has expanded the focus to not only include plants, animals, and humans, but also to include machinery and other metal objects. A common synonym of cryobiology is "cryogenics". According to the New American Desk Encyclopedia (1989), cryogenics is defined as "the branch of physics dealing with the behavior of matter at very low temperatures, and with the production of those temperatures." As can be seen, cryogenics is a slightly more focused study of the cryobiological field dealing primarily with production methods of those freezing temperatures. Another sub-study field, if you will, is that of cryonics. Cryonics is defined as the practice of freezing humans who are not curable by current medical technology, in the hope that ways may be found to bring them back to life at some future time when ways of repairing the damage caused by the freezing process have been developed, as well as cures of the diseases or other causes of death which necessitated their cryonics suspension (Cryogenics International, 1999). As suggested above, cryobiology is primarily centered on the effects on those living organisms or non-living objects, although the methods and procedures are also very important. All around the world new and improved techniques are being tested to make this a better medical and preservational procedure. Not only are the different techniques and procedures getting increased attention, but also many accompanying controversial issues are as well. Low temperature biology, or cryobiology, has the possibility to very easily and very drastically affect everyoneà ­s lives in the future. Through rapidly approaching cryobiological medical procedures and techniques, the presence of intense ethical issues may play an important role in many everyday decisions that do not now exist. Cryobiology Techniques There are many different cryobiological techniques that exist and are being used today.

Cultural Perspectives on Crime Essay

Minorities are over represented in the criminal justice system because they are targeted during drives to reduce hooliganism, juvenile drug offenses and crime. Then there are biases against them during prosecution, trial and judgment. Finally, the minorities get harsher sentences than their white counterparts (Davis. A 1998). In my opinion the minorities are over represented in the criminal justice system because of prejudices within the system. Way back in 1991, in LA, police officers beating Rodney King were captured on video. Rodney was a black man and this evidence supported the claims of the Afro-American community that cases of police brutality were a norm. The prejudice in the system was further exposed when in the trial court; the jury did not find the four officers guilty of wrongdoing. This case helped to justify the claims that there was a bias in the justice system and that it was very difficult for colored persons to get justice. This form of discrimination it is alleged is found in the entire justice system. In reality what has happened is that there is a failure of judges, even elected officials to correct the injustices in the criminal justice system. In addition, the criminal justice policy makers have also failed to redress injustice (Lochner. L, 2003). The result is that minority groups in general and black and Hispanic Americans are targeted and victimized by law enforcement agencies. When charging for crimes is done it is the colored persons that are targeted. To add insult to injury colored law abiding citizens are regularly challenged because of racial profiling and police bias. This prejudice has permeated almost everywhere. When the cop is patrolling his attitude towards colored people for the purpose of prosecution and penalty to the treatment of colored by the prosecutors and judges. The essential point is that all individuals should be treated in a similar manner. This is what the Constitution requires the justice system to do. What is the consequence of such police action? The prison inmates are mostly Hispanic and blacks. There are communities of blacks who have actually fallen apart and have dispersed because a large part of the youth has been lost to prisons. This has fostered a belief in these people that the law enforcement system cannot be trusted and should not be supported (Cole. G & Smith. C 2004). This belief has reinforced the prejudice in the law enforcement agencies that colored communities are beds of lawlessness and so should be punished and incarcerated. How is this prejudice reinforced? There are law enforcement policies and tactics that target blacks and Hispanics, moreover, there is the issue of racial profiling. In other words the blacks and Hispanics are usually the targets of suspicion. What happens is that on the basis of bias and suspicions the blacks and Hispanics are blamed for most of the crimes in the area, and ultimately jailed. This system is well ingrained in prosecution. At every step the blacks and Hispanics are treated unfairly. During the first plea bargaining with prosecutors to the final sentencing, there are preconceived notions against blacks and Hispanics. The persons in the justice system especially the judges and prosecutors are all logical and rational persons but there are presuppositions that are introduced in the system which skews the outcomes against blacks and Hispanics (Pratto. F 1994). Till recently sentencing was an important task of great responsibility that was entrusted to judges that were known to be men of integrity and impartiality. Currently, there has been an involvement in sentencing of sentencing commissioners, prosecutors and legislators that has made this process inhuman and mechanical leading to long sentences against the blacks and African Americans. What are the consequences? Several colored people who would otherwise have received shorter or non-jail sentences are now languishing in jail. If those blacks that were eligible for probation had been treated similar to their white counterparts, they would have not been jailed. What is more appalling is that if the courts had taken cognizance of the inequities piled on the colored people injustice could have been reduced (Petersilia. J 1983). The courts in general have refused to investigate into or rectify racial inequality in the system. There are several reasons why the inequity against blacks and Hispanics is being perpetrated. One is that the statistical information about the overrepresentation of minorities in the criminal justice system has not adequately been compiled. In addition, there is not adequate diversification of the law enforcement agencies especially the police (Miller J 1996). Further in light of harsh sentencing against blacks and Hispanics, the death penalty should at least be suspended. Most importantly, the sentencing guidelines are outdated. Finally, the existence of the felony disenfranchisement laws creates and perpetrates prejudice in the system. One area in which the prejudice against minorities is most lucid is the juvenile justice system. There is an extremely harsh treatment against blacks and Hispanics. These youths are tracked and marked in most anti drug campaigns. They are put behind bars. There are more and more black and Hispanics arrested for selling drugs where as arrests of white juveniles has decreased (Bishop. D, 2000). What happens when there is discrimination against blacks and Hispanics? Those minorities who violate a law can expect longer sentences; they can expect fewer leniencies than their white counterparts. In addition, minority youth face harsher sentences and bear the brunt of the efforts of legislators to treat them as adults. The result being that these minority youth because of the machinations of the legislators are more likely to be converted to hardened criminals. Finally whenever legislators or policy makers choose to enforce law more vigorously, there is an increase in the number of atrocities against minority offenders. Even though the constitution requires that two cocaine dealers be treated equally by the law we find that the minority dealer bears the wrath of the law enforcement agencies. Ethnic background and racial heritage is becoming a basis for unfairness. This inequity is pervasive and affects every step of the criminal justice system (Sherman L 2002). What is dreadful is that in the criminal justice system, racial discrimination is increasing and not reducing. This makes a mockery of the progress in civil rights made till now. To sum, black and Hispanics bear the worst rage of the criminal justice system. They are followed by cops, watched and arrested more than their white counterparts. Then they face a criminal justice system that assumes that colored people are more likely to commit crimes. They are dragged to juries, prosecutors and judges who feel that minorities are more likely to have committed crimes. Finally, the legislative machinery ensures that tough sentences are passed against them to root out crime in the country.. They are over represented in the criminal justice system because they have been singled out for ruthless treatment. References: Bishop. D, (2000) Juvenile Offenders in the Adult Criminal Justice System, Crime and Justice, Vol. 27, pp 81-167 Cole. G & Smith. C, (2004) The American System of Criminal Justice, Thomson Wadsworth. Davis. A (1998) Prosecution and Race: The Power and Privilege of Discretion, Fordham Law Review. Vol. LXVII, No. 1. Lochner. L, (2003) Individual Perceptions of Criminal Justice System, Working Paper 9474 NBER Working Paper Series available at: http://www. nber. org/papers/w9474 Miller J (1996) Search and Destroy: African-American Males in the Criminal Justice System, Cambridge University Press. Petersilia. J (1983) Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica. Pratto. F (1994) Attenuators and Hierarchy Enhancers: Social Dominance Theory and the Criminal Justice System, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Volume 24, Issue 4. Sherman L (2002), Trust and Confidence in Criminal Justice, NIJ Journal, Retrieved from: http://www. ncjrs. gov/pdffiles1/nij/189106-1. pdf on January 4, 2007.

Analysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper - 1073 Words

The short story The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman can be interpreted in many ways. Some scholars debate that it is written as an autobiography, some say it is an isolated work, a complete fantasy, or simply just a feminist uprising. One particular scholar even relates the feminism aspect with a feline creature within one scene of the story (Golden 1). Although there are many aspects throughout the text that represent feminism, the main theme that shines through is the story of a woman descending into psychosis. This story explains the close mindedness of how postpartum depression was treated and managed by physicians, and how negatively society viewed mental illnesses. The significance of The Yellow Wallpaper is remarkable†¦show more content†¦At the start of the summer in 1882, Gilman suffered her first bout with depression (Bauer 31). Gilman described her mental illness as â€Å"a worse horror than before, for now I saw the stark fact – that I was we ll while away and sick while at home – a heartening prospect! Soon ensued the same utter prostration, the unbearable inner misery, the ceaseless tears† (Undergoing 871). Through this daunting tale, she is describing her own personal battle with mental illness. This is a â€Å"striking story of female confinement and escape, a paradigmatic tale which seems to tell the story that all literary women would tell if they could speak their ‘speechless woe’† (Gilbert and Gubar 868). The story that Charlotte Perkins Gilman skillfully wrote represents not only her personal struggle with the mistreatment of her mental illness, but also the dominating characteristics present in her marriage. There are direct references throughout the text that connect to the narrator’s feeling of repression by her husband. Not only does he abuse her depression, but also her confidence by saying â€Å"John laughs at me, of course, but one expects that† (Gilman 463). During the 19th century, women were subservient to all men, especially their husbands. Just from reading the first few paragraphs of theShow MoreRelatedThe Yellow Wallpaper Analysis1164 Words   |  5 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper Analysis As I started reading this short story, it clearly introduced who the characters are and where it took place. The narrator is a woman; she has no name, remains anonymous throughout the story. She lives with her husband John in a house. This house is isolated from society, since the short story indicates that it is far from village, roads or any means of communication. It also contains locks and gates throughout. The woman is ill and this illness has placed her inRead MoreAnalysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper1727 Words   |  7 Pages Analysis of the Short Story The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Originally published in January 1892 issue of New England Magazine. Charlotte Perkins Gilman s short story The Yellow Wallpaper was personal to her own struggles with anxiety and depression after the birth of her daughter with her first husband and S. Weir Mitchell s resting cure treatment she received. The Yellow Wallpaper describes, from the patients point of view, the fall into madness of a woman who is creativelyRead MoreThe Yellow-Wallpaper Analysis1393 Words   |  6 PagesThe Yellow Wall-Paper Literary Analysis Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses her short story â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper† to show how women undergo oppression by gender roles. Gilman does so by taking the reader through the terrors of one woman’s changes in mental state. The narrator in this story becomes so oppressed by her husband that she actually goes insane. The act of oppression is very obvious within the story â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper† and shows how it changes one’s life forever. TheRead MoreAnalysis of The Yellow Wallpaper2376 Words   |  10 PagesCHARLOTEE PERKINS GILLMAN THE YELLOW WALLPAPER (1892) The cult of true womanhood defined women as â€Å"ladies†(pure, diligent). When we talk about American woman, we have to specify their religion, sexual orientation, race, social class (it is therefore essentialist to talk about â€Å"women† in general. Depending on the group which they are in, certain coordinates are applicable. The Yellow Wallpaper is about a white, protestant, heterosexual woman at the end of the 19th century in the higher middleRead MoreFeminist Analysis of Yellow Wallpaper1326 Words   |  6 PagesA Woman Trapped: A Feminist Analysis of the Yellow Wallpaper The short story, the Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman can be analyzed in depth by both the psycho-analytic theory and the feminist theory. On one hand the reader witnesses the mind of a woman who travels the road from sanity to insanity to suicide â€Å"caused† by the wallpaper she grows to despise in her bedroom. On the other hand, the reader gets a vivid picture of a woman’s place in 1911 and how she was treated when dealingRead MoreLiterary Analysis : The Yellow Wallpaper992 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis: The Yellow Wallpaper In the story The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman she writes of a woman severely oppressed in her marriage. The women in the story is an open mind individual. John; her husband is a psychologist and thinks that his wife has a mental disorder because of all the free thinking and puts her through the rest cure. Through analysis of the story, we can see that this story displays a creepy tone in order to depict a serious matter at a time when women’sRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper Analysis Paper1245 Words   |  5 Pagesupholding women’s rights, such as viewing a woman as a respectable, free-willed human being, are the essential truths established in Charlotte Perkin Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† Through the development of the narrator Gilman uses symbolism and imagery to awaken the reader to the reality of what a woman’s life was like in the 1800’s. Analysis of the symbolism throughout the story reveals that the author was no t only testifying to the social status of the women in society but specifically giving insightRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper1496 Words   |  6 PagesCharlotte Perkins Gillam uses her short story, The Yellow Wallpaper as a weapon to help break down the walls surrounding women, society has put up. This story depicts the life of a young woman struggling with postpartum depression, whose serious illness is overlooked, by her physician husband, because of her gender. Gillman s writing expresses the feelings of isolation, disregarded, and unworthiness the main character Jane feels regularly. This analysis will dive into the daily struggles women faceRead MoreFeminist Analysis : The Yellow Wallpaper 2184 Words   |  9 PagesJoe Purcaro English 155 Literary Analysis 04/17/2016 Feminism in the Yellow Wallpaper Everyone experiences life, whether it be happy times, bad times; it’s one big circle every human being goes through. In the story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper, which is a feminist story that portrays the terror of the rest cure which is a period spent in inactivity or leisure with the intention of improving one s physical or mental health. Women especially, as it opposes manyRead MoreCritical Analysis : The Yellow Wallpaper993 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Analysis: â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† â€Å"Not many women got to live out the daydream of women—to have a room, even a section of a room, that only gets messed up when she messes it up herself.† –Maxine Hong Kingston: The Woman Warrior During the late 19th century women, as history demonstrates, were to remain confined to their societal expectations and roles. Women were thought of as the weaker sex, emotional, and fully dependent on their male counterparts, child-like. She was to be a pious

Learn the Building Blocks of Chinese Characters

While learning to speak Chinese at a basic level isnt that much harder than learning other languages (its even easier in some areas), learning to write is definitely and without a doubt much more demanding. Learning to Read and Write Chinese Is Not Easy There are many reasons for this. First, its because the link between the written and spoken language is very weak. While in Spanish you can mostly read what you can understand when spoken and you can write what you can say (bar some minor spelling problems), in Chinese the two are more or less separate. Second, the way Chinese characters represent sounds is complicated and requires much more than learning an alphabet. If you know how to say something, writing is not just a matter of checking how its spelled, you have to learn the individual characters, how they are written and how they are combined to form words. To become literate, you need between 2500 and 4500 characters (depending on what you mean by the term literate). You need many times more characters than the number of words. However, the process of learning to read and write can be made a lot simpler than it first seems. Learning 3500 characters is not impossible and with proper reviewing and active usage, you can also avoid mixing them up (this is actually the main challenge for non-beginners). Still, 3500 is a massive number. It would mean almost 10 characters per day for a year. Added to that, you would also need to learn words, which are combinations of characters that sometimes have non-obvious meanings. ...But It Neednt Be Impossible Either Looks difficult, right? Yes, but if you break these 3500 characters down into smaller components, you will find that the number of parts you need to learn is very far from 3500. In fact, with just a few hundred components, you can build most of those 3500 characters. Before we move on, its perhaps worth noting here that we are using the word component very deliberately instead of using the word radical, which is a small subset of components that are used to classify words in dictionaries. The Building Blocks of Chinese Characters So, by learning the components of characters, you create a repository of building blocks that you can then use to understand, learn and remember characters. This is not very efficient in the short term because each time you learn a character, you need to learn not only that character but also the smaller components its made of. However, this investment will be repaid handsomely later. It might not be a good idea to learn all components of all characters directly but focus on the most important ones first. I will introduce some resources to help you both with breaking characters down into their component parts and where you can find more information about which components to learn first. Functional Components Its important to understand that each component has a function in the character; its not there by chance. Sometimes the real reason the character looks like it does is lost in the mists of time, but often its known or even directly apparent from studying the character. At other times, an explanation might present itself that is very convincing, and even though it might not be etymologically correct, it can still help you to learn and remember that character. In general, components are included in characters for two reasons: first because of the way they sound, and second because of what they mean. We call these phonetic or sound components and semantic or meaning components. This is a very useful way of looking at characters that often yields much more interesting and useful results than looking at the traditional explanation of how characters are formed. Its still worthwhile to have that in the back of your mind when learning, but you dont really need to study it in detail. A Writing Example Lets look at a character most students learn early on: Ã¥ ¦Ë†/Ã¥ ª ½ (simplified/traditional), which is pronounced  mÄ  (first tone) and means mother. The left part Ã¥ ¥ ³ means woman and is clearly related to the meaning of the whole character (your mother is presumably a woman). The right part é © ¬/é ¦ ¬ means horse and is clearly not related to the meaning. However, it is pronounced  mÇŽ (third tone), which is very close to the pronunciation of the whole character (only the tone is different).  This is the way most Chinese characters work, albeit not all. The Art of Combining Characters   All this leaves us with hundreds (rather than thousands) of characters to remember. Apart from that, we also have the additional task of combining the components we have learned into compound characters. This is what were going to look at now. Combining characters is actually not that hard, at least not if you use the right method This is because if you know what the components mean, the character composition itself means something to you and that makes it a lot easier to remember. There is a huge difference between learning a random jumble of strokes (very hard) and combining known components (relatively easy). Improve Your Memory Combining things is one of the main areas of memory training and something that people have had the ability to do for thousands of years. There are many, many methods out there that work really well and that teach you how to remember that A, B, and C belong to each other (and in that order, if you like, although this is often not necessary when it comes to Chinese characters, because you quickly get a feel for that and only a very small number of characters can be mixed up by accidentally moving character components around). The main takeaway is that memory is a skill and its something you can train. That naturally includes your ability to learn and remember Chinese characters. Remembering Chinese Characters The best way of combining components is to create a picture or scene that includes all the components in a memorable way. This should be absurd, funny or exaggerated in some way. Exactly what makes you remember something is something you need to figure out by trial and error, but going for the absurd and exaggerated often works well for most people. You can, of course, draw or use real pictures rather than just imaginary ones, but if you do, you need to be really careful that you dont break the structure of the character. Simply put, the pictures you use to learn Chinese characters should preserve the building blocks that that character consists of. The reason for this should be apparent at this point. If you just use a picture that is suitable for that character, but which doesnt preserve the structure of the character, it will only be useful for learning that very character. If you follow the structure of the character, you can use the pictures for the individual components to learn tens or hundreds of other characters. In short, if you use bad pictures, you lose the benefit of those all-important building blocks. Helpful Resources for Learning Chinese Characters Now, lets look at a few resources for learning the building blocks of Chinese characters: Hacking Chinese: Here youll find a list of the 100 most common radicals. We are mostly concerned with components here, not radicals, but it so happens that radicals are often semantic components, so this list is still useful.Hanzicraft: This is an excellent website that allows you to break down Chinese characters into their component parts. Note that the breakdown is purely visual, so it doesnt really care if its historically correct. You can also find phonetic information here, which is again based only on mechanical comparison of the pronunciation of the components and the full character (its not historically correct either, in other words). Also on the plus side, this site is fast and easy to use.Zdic.net: This is an online, free dictionary that offers decent information about the structure of a character that is also more in line with what we know about the development of a specific character (its manual, not automatic).ArchChinese: This is another online dictionary that gives yo u the ability to both breakdown characters and see the components in context (with frequency information, which is quite rare in other dictionaries).Semantic component posters from Outlier Linguistics: These posters show 100 semantic components and apart from being very informative, they also look great on your wall. They come with information on how to utilize them and accurate descriptions (manually made by people who know a lot about Chinese characters). That should be enough to get you started. There will still be cases you cant find or that dont make sense to you. if you encounter these, you can try a number of different methods, such as creating a picture specifically for that character or making up the meaning on your own — this is easier than trying to remember meaningless strokes.

The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne And The Awakening

The gender prejudice that exists in society does not only affect the individual being discriminated against, but the people close to them as well. This is demonstrated through the novels The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne and The Awakening by Kate Chopin. The Scarlet Letter follows the story of a woman named Hester Prynne who is forced to wear a scarlet letter â€Å"A† on her chest as punishment for her crime of adultery. The Awakening follows the story of a woman named Edna Pontellier and the struggle that she faces when she has an affair and separates from her husband and her family. In both novels, the protagonists must endure the restrictions placed on them by society which leads to the destruction of the relationships they have with people close to them. The family members of the protagonists are also affected by the societal norms and restrictions placed against women. Each character holds onto their own symbol of freedom and identity which consequently affect peo ple close to them. Also, each character has their own way to confront with the detriments of society in place against women. Through the analysis of the established relationships with other family members, symbols of freedom and identity, and each character’s confrontation with society, the protagonists of The Scarlet Letter and The Awakening struggle with their identity through the restrictions placed against them in society, ultimately destroying the relationships they have with their loved ones. TheShow MoreRelatedScapegoats In The Scarlet Letter And The Awakening1425 Words   |  6 PagesScapegoats in The Scarlet Letter and The Awakening The act of blaming others for problems is a common phenomena that occurs not only in our society, but also in literature. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, Pearl Prynne represents the scapegoat. Throughout the novel, the townspeople put the blame of Hester Prynne s sin on Pearl and Hester grows as a person. Pearl gives Hester a daily reminder of her sin and Hester grows to becomes a happier, better person in response. In addition, anotherRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne2044 Words   |  9 PagesThe Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne was set during the 1600s in a New England town during what is now known as the Puritan past of America. In the novel, the Puritan religion was not only observed but criticized as well. During this time, the Puritans were an extremely religious group of Protestants that were known for their intolerance of other religions and their strict guidelines for a righteous lifestyle that often lead to violence or crue l forms of punishment. Nathaniel HawthorneRead MoreGood Vs Evil By Nathaniel Hawthorne1515 Words   |  7 Pagesvs. evil is extremely prevalent within works from the Romanticism period such as The Scarlet Letter, Young Goodman Brown, and even in modern day. Good vs Evil is one of the main themes of the Scarlet Letter which was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, another esteemed author of the time. This theme is very broad and can be specified, like for example the idea of society as a group of sinners. In the scarlet letter, when the meteor shoots across the sky whilst Dimmesdale and Hester, and Pearl are onRead More1850795 Words   |  4 Pagesit happened in September 11, 2001. But what do you recall from the year 1850? Just like any other year in 1850 several events happened that helped shape the United States. In literature perhaps one of the famous book â€Å"The Scarlett Letter† was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. If it wasn’t for the Compromise of 1850 slavery may had taken a twist, imaginably maybe slavery would had taken part here in California or in other states in which slavery was abolished. Other than events in 1850 some great achievementsRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter Research Paper1189 Words   |  5 PagesTyler Beal English III T. Sinclair 19 May 2013 Portraying the Scarlet A within the Characters   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In reality, the Scarlet Letter is many things. It has all the characteristics of a modern-day soap opera, but it is way more than some television show cast on ABC. It could be a sermon being shouted from a church attendee, but no; the Puritans are surely not the heroes in this novel. It could be a story of failure, for there are many failures cast upon the main characters, or it could be a storyRead More Kate Chopin The Awakening Essay2357 Words   |  10 PagesKate Chopin The Awakening To what extent does Edna Pontellier, in Kate Chopins The Awakening, mark a departure from the female characters of earlier nineteenth-century American novels The Awakening was published in 1899, and it immediately created a controversy. Contemporaries of Kate Chopin (1851-1904) were shocked by her depiction of a woman with active sexual desires, who dares to leave her husband and have an affair. Instead of condemning her protagonist, Chopin maintains a neutral,Read MoreNathaniel Hawthorne Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne was one of American literatures finest writers; his writing style was very distinct and unusual in some aspects. It is his background that provided this ambiguous and complex approach to writing. Hawthornes New England heritage has, at times, been said to be the contributing factor in his works. The Puritan view of life itself was considered to be allegorical, their theology rested primarily on the idea of predestination and the separation of the saved and the damned As evidentRead MoreEmbracing a Feminist Nature: A Theory Essay1812 Words   |  8 PagesHawthorne as Hester - Embracing a Feminist Nature : A Theory Hester Prynne remains a living force of feminist strength as she stands between the literary arguments of Hawthorne’s possible intentions of portraying his protagonist as either a central figure of feminist empowerment for women, in retrospect to the interpretations of his views on feminism of the timeframe, or a woman oppressed by her sins under the tyranny of puritanical injustice. While some argue for Hester’s feminist virtues withoutRead MoreFrederick Douglass And Hester Prynne1701 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Antebellum period of The United States. This was a man who was born a slave, escaped to his freedom and became one of the louder voices calling to abolish slavery. Then we have Hester Prynne, who is a fictional character from the mind of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Her time period was years before that of Douglass, as she lived Puritan New England. Looking at these two comparatively from the outside, it is hard to believe that the two would represent any of the same id eas. However, delving deeper intoRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne1180 Words   |  5 Pagesclassic novel, The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Arthur Dimmesdale conceals an abominable truth. Avoiding subjugation to the conservative Puritans Society rule, the reverend feigned obliviousness all the while Hester, the person he committed adultery with, fearlessly bared her shame upon her bosom. The society held Dimmesdale to a higher standard; as a result, their influences hindered his ability to take responsibility for his actions. The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne manipulates complementary

Healthcare for Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHealthcare for Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare. Answer: Context The article by Jones et al., (2011) has selected a significant research topic of nurse prescribing roles in the acute role. The role of nurses in acute care settings has evolved through the years to meet the increasing demand for health care services. According to Haririan (2016) prescribing by nurses is a key approach that aims to optimise the ability of nurses to bring improvement in the speed of access to high quality care. Non medical prescribing has bene indicated to bring improvements in clinical decision making across teams. A number of countries have implemented this novice role including Singapore where the practice is in the limelight. On an international basis, prescription rights for Nurse Practitioners varied significantly from limited formulary to full prescriptive authority. In 2014, National Nursing Taskforce (MOH) in Singapore recommended for the hospitals to initiate a prescription framework for nurses to prescribe medicines on the basis of drug formulary (Ayre Bee , 2014). As suggested by Jones et al., (2011) not much information is available regarding the implementation of this role into practice. At the time when the study by Jones et al., (2011) was conducted, there was a lack of suitable studies that evaluated nurse prescription in acute care settings. The majority of the studies was only responsible for reporting nurse prescribers view of the prescribing roles they had. In this regard, the perceptions of other stakeholders were not taken into consideration, which forms an integral element for understanding the suitability of this new emerging role. Further studies were needed that highlight the views of healthcare peers across different settings in relation to nurse prescribing roles as well as the dissimilarities in roles of nurse and medical prescribers. Key Aims The main aim of the study conducted by Jones et al., (2011) was to carry out an assessment of the functioning of nurse prescribing in an acute care hospital setting in the city of England, UK. The purpose of this study was to bridge the gap in existing literature regarding the ways in which nurse prescribers can work and lead to better patient outcomes and satisfaction levels. The author succeded in achieving their aims as the study was flourishing in addressing the research question. Methods The research was carried out following a mixed method single case study approach. The study was conducted in the year 2005-2006. An acute care hospital in England was the setting for the study that was located at a metropolitan borough of England that is densely populated and having it spopualtion from diverse ethnic backgrounds. The study had three clinical departments as units of analysis; namely the hypertension clinic, renal clinic and renal satellite unit. As the study method purposive sampling was done for recruiting the participants. A total number of 18 hospital staff were selected of which 3 were prescribers, seven were colleagues, and 8 were senior hospital staff. In addition, 2 nurses and 2 doctors took part in the study as non-participant observers. Semi-structured interviews was the tool for data collection with these participants. 52 patient-prescriber consultations were done with 47 patients. 122 patients were considered for a questionnaire survey was done with. Qualit ative data analysis was done with the help of data analysis framework porposed by Ritchie and Spencer. This was a deductive approach enabling an accurate sifting, charting and organisation of data depending on themes and key issues. SPSS software was used for quantitative data analysis. Descriptive statistics helped in summarising numerical data (Jones et al., 2011). A mixed method was suitable for the study as it was aligned with the research aim. Since the study wanted to highlight the overall experience of practitioners and stakeholders in relation to nurse prescribing, a mixed method enabled qualitative as well as quantitative approach. Such a method enures deeper, broader and more significant information. Rich datasets can be attained by this method (Nieswiadomy Bailey, 2017). As opined by Parahoo (2014) mixed methods augment the credibility and reliability of all studies with the help of the triangulation of the different evidences. A better understanding of the study problems is achieved through this method. However, it is to be noted that it was inappropriate to conduct the study in one single setting and with only three clinical departments. Due to such an approach, it can be stated that the study results were not generalised as the sample population was not a true representation of the general population. Purposive sampling has certain disadvantages, including researcher bias (LoBiondo-Wood et al., 2014). Findings The staffs taking part in the study pointed out that the main aim of nurse prescribing was directed towards patient benefits and enhanced team working. Further, nurse prescribing holds the potential for ensuring working advancements and legitimisation of practice. Staff satisfaction and increased patient satisfaction could also be achieved through nurse prescribing, as reported by the staff. The nurse practitioners reported that prescribing practice was a key approach for guiding better team work and patient care delivery. Nurses could also use their nursing skills in a better manner. The central themes emerging from the data set were increased confidence to prescribe, improved patient care, increased role fulfilment and successful implementation of nurse prescribing. The data did not point out any statistically significant differences between the manner in which doctors and nurses performed the prescribing roles. Nevertheless, it is to be highlighted that a statistically significant difference existed between the medication-related information satisfaction ratings of patients witnessing a nurse prescriber, compared to those witnessing prescription by a doctor. The findings of the study were easy to follow the flow of information were aligned with the research questions. The findings were also believable to the extent that nurses have come a long way in taking up different roles and additional responsibilities in acute care settings. Agreeing to the authors conclusion that the benefits of nurse prescribing roles can be better assessed with the help of performance indicators having clarity, it is to be stated that multidimensional approaches are required in future for studying such performance indicators based on evidence (Smith et al., 2014). Importance of findings The study findings added to the increasing body of research on the domain of nurse prescribing. It is to be mentioned that the findings were different from the existing literature since in the present case the researchers undertook an exploration of nurse prescribing from the organizational perspective. This was done by using data from different levels; patients from different ethnic groups and senior managers. There were certain aspects known about the research topic prioir to the present research. These were in relation to nurse prescribing works in certain primary care settings. Moreover, it was also known that nurse prescribing allowed physician-nurse substitution in acute care. There was also a pool of evidence indicating the presence of concerns in relation to patient safety. The present paper provided additional information that physicians and nurses provide equivalent care. However, patients report higher satisfaction rate when nurses provided medicine related education. More over, the study was a benchmark to highlight that patients across different ethnic groups can uphold similar viewpoints in this context. Based on the findings of the research healthcare settings can consider increasing the operational and supportive infrastructures for supporting nurse prescribing practices. The variables that are to be considered in this regard are shared vision, action learning, local championship, and peer support. Any restraining forces that hamper the implementation of the change are to be eliminated after analysing the importance of the same. The findings of the study also have implications for policy reforms. Policy makers are to consider setting up policies that guide nurse prescribing roles in varied settings. Changes are also to be sustained in the long run for ensuring best outcomes of the process (Gielen et al., 2014). Ethics There were come ethical issues pertaining to the design of the study. The first cocnenr was the relationship between the researcher and the prescribers. Secondly, there was a risk related to the fact that the study findings could have demotivated the nurses. Thirdly, there was a risk related to the fact that patient respondents might be not maximal in the presence of the researchers. Lastly, there was a risk that patients would indicate dissatisfaction with the service provided. Further research Against the backdrop of a growing evidence supporting nurse prescribing role, there is a requirement to put focus on further research in this direction. Researchers must shift the focus from prescribing performances suitable measures towards the influence of the role in bringing about advancement in care delivery. Future research needs to be carried out for identifying the process by which patient care quality can be enhanced in Singapore settings, and determining the interventions accordingly that suit patient population in Singapore (Hardey Mulhall, 2013). References Ayre, T. C., Bee, T. S. (2014). Advanced practice nursing in Singapore. Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare, 23(4), 269-270. Link : https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/201010581402300401 Gielen, S. C., Dekker, J., Francke, A. L., Mistiaen, P., Kroezen, M. (2014). The effects of nurse prescribing: a systematic review.International Journal of Nursing Studies,51(7), 1048-1061. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.12.003 Hardey, M., Mulhall, A. (2013).Nursing research: Theory and practice. Springer. Haririan, H. (2016). Prescribing: A Crucial Factor in the Professionalization of Nursing in Iran.Evidence Based Care,5(4), 65-66. DOI:10.22038/EBCJ.2016.6160 Jones K., Edwards M. While A. (2011) Nurse prescribing roles in acute care: an evaluative case study. Journal of Advanced Nursing 67(1), 117126. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05490.x LoBiondo-Wood, G., Haber, J., Cameron, C., Singh, M. (2014).Nursing Research in Canada-E-Book: Methods, Critical Appraisal, and Utilization. Elsevier Health Sciences. Nieswiadomy, R. M., Bailey, C. (2017).Foundations of nursing research. Pearson. Parahoo, K. (2014).Nursing research: principles, process and issues. Palgrave Macmillan. Smith, A., Latter, S., Blenkinsopp, A. (2014). Safety and quality of nurse independent prescribing: a national study of experiences of education, continuing professional development clinical governance.Journal of advanced nursing,70(11), 2506-2517. DOI: 10.1111/jan.12392

Descriptive Statistic Paper Essay Example

Descriptive Statistic Paper Essay In this paper Team B will examine the data that we have collected and we will draw a conclusion based on your findings, to get to the conclusion we will analyze the data using descriptive statistics, we will calculate the measures of central tendency, and dispersion, we will also show all the information with graphics and tables for a better understanding of the date, after all these steps are executed we will draw our conclusion. Data Analysis Using Descriptive Statistics Through this paper, Team B will use the philosophy of descriptive statistics to describe the main feature of the collection of data quantitatively (Main PS 1995). Descriptive statistics will provide simple summaries about the samples and the measures. In essence, we will show a summary of the data that the team has collected. Some of the ways that we will show the data collected will be in the form of first central tendency which is the distribution locates the center of a distribution of values. The three types of the central tendency are the mean, the median and the mode. Secondly, we will look at the dispersion which is the spread of values around the central tendency (Dodge 2003). The standard deviation is a more accurate way of measuring the dispersion. Thirdly, the use of graphics and tables to illustrate the data collected in a visual background. Fourthly there is the frequency distribution. In the frequency distribution is a summary of the ranges of values. We will write a custom essay sample on Descriptive Statistic Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Descriptive Statistic Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Descriptive Statistic Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Frequency distribution can be shown by the team in graphic or tables that will be presented. Finally the use of the histogram will be depicted in the team analysis of the data that was collected. |Descriptive statistics | | | | | |Â   |# 1 | |count |11 | |Central Tendency |1,918,494. 273 | |sample variance |340,018,702,631. 6180 | |sample standard deviation |583,111. 2266 | | | | |skewness |-0. 2082 | | | | | | | | | |1989 |512,930 | | | | |1990 |578,930 | | | | |1991 |891,188 | | | | |1992 |1,084,408 | | | | |1993 |1,120,254 | | | | |1994 |1,188,679 | | | | |1995 |1,071,029 | | | |1996 |1,176,967 | | | | |1997 |1,383,578 | | | | |1998 |1,441,406 | | | | |1999 |1,720,050 | | | | |2000 |1,988,034 | | | | |2001 |2,264,403 | | | | |2002 |2,383,235 | | | | |2003 |2,555,476 | | | | |2004 |2,486,609 | | | | |2005 |2,632,655 | Central Tendency and Dispersion The best measures of central tendency and dispersion based on the skew value and histogram are the mean, median, range, sample variance, and the sample standard deviation. By looking at the histogram, the median exceeds the mean that shows the data as negatively skewed. The mean is one of the best measures of central tendency because it is the most familiar and uses all the sample information. The median is a good measure of central tendency when extreme data values exist. The range is one of the best measures of dispersion because it is the difference between the largest and the smallest observation. The sample variance and the sample standard deviation are both a good measure of dispersion because they help to show how individual values in a data set vary from the mean. The data collected by Team B and the sample size chosen does not seem to give a reasonable depiction of the skew for the histogram and distribution graph. Therefore, Team B can conclude that the information contained is biased and does not provide a proper skew coefficient and the information can be deduced as being biased. Team B included only two data points salary and winning teams. If Team B can increase the data samples then perhaps the frequency levels will conclude a proper outcome. Therefore, the results were uncertain for the data set shown and the hypothesis is uncertain. Reference: Mann PS (1995), Introductory Statistics, 2nd Edition, Wiley. Dodge, Y (2003), The Oxford Dictionary of Statistics Terms, OUP